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  • HISTORY TRANSCRIPT Lyndon B. Johnson Library Oral Histories [NAID 24617781] More on LBJ Library oral histories: http://discoverlbj.org/exhibits/show/loh/oh Nitze -- II -- 3 Vietnam and the assistance that the Chinese Communists were giving to North
  • Vietnam
  • Milestones in U.S. relations with China from 1949 to 1968; U.S. policy toward Communist China in the 1960s; U.S. policy and involvement in Vietnam; the effectiveness of bombing in Vietnam; Nitze's views on the Gulf of Tonkin incident in August
  • histories: http://discoverlbj.org/exhibits/show/loh/oh (TAPE if2) February 10, 1969 General Taylor, this is our second interview, and today is Monday, February 10. We are again in your offices. Vietnam in our first interview. We had been talking about
  • Vietnam
  • with LBJ and JFK; ambassador to Vietnam; policies regarding Vietnam; Buddhist problem; Diem; Gulf of Tonkin incident; bombing of the North; performance of the American forces; Vietnamese leadership; “Warof Liberation;” negotiations; Presidential involvement
  • opinion, remember, we were in Vietnam. The impact was back here, so people in the States are prob- ably better judges of that. Khe Sanh, of course, was very easily--too easily--a very facile comparison was with Dien Bien Phu, and the press tended
  • Vietnam
  • Impact of the Tet Offensive; dealing with Vietnam information officers; effect in Vietnam of LBJ’s 3/31 announcement; government-press relationship; LBJ’s personality
  • Assistance Command in Vietnam and Commanding General of the U.S. Army, Vietnam. From 1960 to 1963 you were Superintendent of West Point. Do I have the correct dates on these? WW: With one exception. I was nominated to be Chief of Staff of the United
  • Vietnam
  • Recent appointment history; meeting LBJ at the 1961 West Point graduation; going to Vietnam—when, why; meeting with the Johnsons and staying in the White House; becoming Chief of Staff; LBJ’s decision not to run; Vietnam.
  • , 1981 INTERVIEWEE : DON OBERDORFER INTERVIEWER : Ted Gittinger PLACE : Mr . Oberdorfer's residence, Washington, D .C . Tape 1 of 1 G: Can we begin by getting you to give us background 0: as a journalist before the time of your Vietnam
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information; preparation for covering Vietnam; reflections on McNamara; the Caravelle Hotel; recollections of Thich Tri Quang; the Buddhist movement and the Ky government; press policy in Vietnam; opinion of Ky; elections in Vietnam
  • INTERVIEWEE: WILLIAM C. WESTMORELAND INTERVIEWER: Charles B. MacDonald PLACE: Washington, D.C. M: General [Paul] Harkins' optimism about the situation in Vietnam is well established. Did he ever confide in you about any doubts he may have entertained
  • Vietnam
  • . forces; press relations; general assessment of the Vietnam War
  • George McGhee. George McGhee was the head of the Policy Planning Council. But more to the point, since one of the central focuses of all of this is Vietnam, I went in; I was sworn in and went to work, and one of the first things that happened was that I
  • Vietnam
  • How Jorden got into foreign policy government service from journalism; going to Vietnam to assess the situation in 1961 and the resulting white paper; Jorden’s Berlin Viability Plan and trip to Germany; Averell Harriman; working group
  • Corps in Vietnam, is that correct? W: No. I went out to command in I Corps in May of 1965. M: And then carne back in a little over two years-- W: I carne back in June of '67. M: Did you ever have the opportunity during any of that time
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information; effects of Presidential visit on Vietnam troops; infantry organization; pacification efforts; two mission of North Vietnamese Army; intelligence reports; guerilla warfare problems; Communist destruction of South Vietnamese
  • Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos. In those instances, military assistance has been transferred from the Foreign Assistance Act to the Department of Defense budget. I think that's appropriate because I don't think the military LBJ Presidential Library http
  • Vietnam
  • Military Assistance Program; American foreign policy; Vietnam; national security; disarmament; ABM; defense policies
  • related to or learning a lot from. Then in the middle of the anti-Vietnam War movement, the most visible labeled anarchists were people that I disagreed with tactically and politically, people who, you will forgive the language, organized something called
  • Vietnam
  • Personal opposition to official policy in Vietnam; National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam; SANE; MOBE; NCAC; role of television; counterculture; assignation attempt of Dellinger; travels to Vietnam; meeting with Ho Chi Minh
  • , 1985 INTERVIEWEE: WILLIAM J. JORDEN INTERVIEWER: Ted Gittinger PLACE: Ambassador Jorden's residence, McLean, Virginia Tape 1 of 1, Side 1 G: McGeorge Bundy was on the original public affairs committee that was dealing with Vietnam, I think
  • Vietnam
  • McGeorge Bundy and the public affairs committee; Bill Moyers; press coverage of Vietnam; Dan Duc Khoi; Bui Diem; improving methods for transmitting news; American journalists from other countries; Morley Safer and Mike Wallace; Vietnam Psychological
  • with him on certain important decision occasions, such as a meeting he held of the service Secretaries and service Chiefs prior to the decision to send United States units to Vietnam; a similar meeting in January of 1967 with respect to the decision
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information; relationship with LBJ; Vietnam; basic training programs; army aviation; M-16; Tet; bombing; preparedness level; security gap; profiteering; Selective Service; minorities; reserves; social programs; civil disturbances
  • in Vietnam and Indochina? LBJ Presidential Library http://www.lbjlibrary.org ORAL HISTORY TRANSCRIPT Lyndon B. Johnson Library Oral Histories [NAID 24617781] More on LBJ Library oral histories: http://discoverlbj.org/exhibits/show/loh/oh Helms -- II -- 3
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information; CIA in Vietnam and Indochina; structure of the CIA; Bay of Pigs; the “secret war” in Laos; disputes on the role of the CIA; Edward Lansdale; Taylor-Rostow mission to Vietnam; “How to Lose a War;” debate over Diem; Diem’s
  • to Vietnam and so on is accurate, according to your recollection, is that right? N: Yes, it is. It's quite brief and written in his usual amusing style, but I would say that it gives the picture as it was. G: Very well, sir. Well, let us simply go
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information; Vietnam; mission personnel; Nguyen Khanh coup; Lodge; 34-A operations; mission policies; leaving Vietnam
  • somebody who concentrated on Vietnam and another chap who concentrated on Asian problems outside of Vietnam. [Robert] Komer had responsibility for the Middle East, South Asia, and Africa. M: Corresponds to the ANE bureau in the State Department. C
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information; McGeorge Bundy; William Bundy; Robert Komer; Vietnam; Bien Hoa; service on high-level review committee on Vietnam; Pleiku incident; Honolulu Conference; Ky; bombing halt; Harriman; Wilson; J. Blair Seaborn mission, 1964
  • after I entered the Senate and became a critic on Vietnam-M: Did he play any part in the Senate leadership as Vice President, prior to that time, for President Kennedy? LBJ Presidential Library http://www.lbjlibrary.org ORAL HISTORY TRANSCRIPT Lyndon
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information; 1960 visit with LBJ; Soviet wheat proposal; critic of U.S. involvement in Vietnam; 1965 meeting with LBJ; Senator Frank Church; cessation of communications between President and Senate critics; efforts to end the war; White
  • in which he could bring support to bear to help our efforts. The program was originally called Third Country Aid, and it was basically aid from other countries, other than the United States, to help the government of Vietnam. very open-ended. The more
  • Vietnam
  • Job duties for the Free World Assistance (FWA); LBJ’s support of the FWA; requesting the involvement of other countries in aid to Vietnam; 1965 Pleiku incident; public relations speaking engagements about Vietnam in the U.S. and Europe; the use
  • in the midst of a trip to Vietnam . when that was? I think it was in More than Can you 1966 . In fact I'm pretty sure likely it was in the fall of 1966 . it was in 1966 . But I did go over to Cambodia, yes . G: You made an interesting
  • Vietnam
  • Time limit in dealing with Vietnamese situation; the Tet Offensive; Weyand's role; press reaction; impact of Tet on South Vietnamese forces; intelligence; Cronkite's visit to Vietnam; the pacification programs; decision to write Tet!; subsequent
  • rapidly at that time; then much connection between Libya and the Arab-Israeli problem. Of course, the Six Day War didn't happen until after I had switched over to Vietnam, so what Libya did in that connection I don't know. They broke relations with us
  • Vietnam
  • ; differences between Walt Rostow and McGeorge Bundy; Komer taking charge of Vietnam issues as Special Assistant to the President; the quasi-military character of “the other war” in Vietnam vs. pacification; unifying the management of the war; using the term
  • INTERVIEWEE: DANIEL O. GRAHAM INTERVIEWER: Ted Gittinger PLACE: General Graham's office, Washington, D.C. Tape 1 of 1 G: All right, sir, go ahead. DG: Let me tell you first my connections with the Vietnam affair. It probably started back in about
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information relating to Vietnam; fall of the Diem regime; Thieu; General McChristian and order of battle techniques; discrepancies in the figures; the crossover point; "The Uncounted Enemy;" actions of General Westmoreland; Giap
  • to that, of course, through the JCS channel, we frequently became involved in major questions and would be called to the White House to discuss various aspects of such things as Vietnam operations, or the budget, and main issues of that kind. In addition to that, I
  • Vietnam
  • Patrol of the destroyer Maddox in the Tonkin Gulf to intercept electronic emissions; doctrine of freedom of the seas; incidents involving Maddox; media distrust of U.S. service commanders during Vietnam War; retaliation for Gulf of Tonkin incident
  • President Eisenhower. Presi- dent Kennedy recalled you to active duty in 1961, and you served as the military representative to the President. From '62 to '64, you were Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; from 1964 to 1965, Ambassador to Vietnam
  • Vietnam
  • with LBJ and JFK; ambassador to Vietnam; policies regarding Vietnam; Buddhist problem; Diem; Gulf of Tonkin incident; bombing of the North; performance of the American forces; Vietnamese leadership; “Warof Liberation;” negotiations; Presidential involvement
  • that after I became alarmed and indignant about Lyndon Johnson's catapulting us into a real war in Vietnam, I called Wiesner at MIT and said, "Don't you think it would be worthwhile for as many of the six of us [as possible] to get together and approach
  • Vietnam
  • Campaigning for LBJ in 1964; serving on National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy; disagreement about Vietnam War; letters to LBJ about the war; RFK; HHH candidacy; White House Conference on International Cooperation; Spock trial; civil
  • 1961 shortly after he became vice president, and were on the Policy Planning Council. J: Yes, in August, 1961. M: And you were in that position when you went to Vietnam for the first time. Is that correct, about 1961? J: Yes. M: Mr. Johnson
  • Vietnam
  • Professional background; Jordan’s two trips to Vietnam; report that the North Vietnamese threat was serious; Kennedy’s 1961-1963 decision to escalate U.S. involvement in Vietnam; Jorden’s belief that Kennedy would have followed LBJ course in Vietnam
  • in Vietnam. We do know that Chloracne, this bad kind of acne you can get from the Agent Orange itself or from the dioxin. But all of these things about attention span, sexual performance, these things you can't quantitate. And then when the government comes
  • Vietnam
  • Agent Orange; health requirements for returning to the U.S. from Vietnam; self-inflicted wounds; drug use among soldiers in Vietnam; post-traumatic stress disorder and related problems; the psychological development of people before they join
  • , 1985 INTERVIEWEE: JULIAN EWELL INTERVIEWER: Ted Gittinger PLACE: General Ewell's residence, McLean, Virginia Tape 1 of 2, Side 1 G: Just by way of getting into this painlessly, when were you assigned to Vietnam? E: I went over and took over
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information regarding Vietnam tour of duty; post-Tet to pre-invasion of Cambodia; Delta; Long An; Dinh Tuong occupations by Viet Cong; TO & E NVA units and Viet Cong main force; press and TV coverage of Vietnam War; body count; Hamlet
  • Department--the third member was the Finance Minister--and they urgently sought from Dean Acheson and General Marshall support for the French forces fighting in Vietnam in the action leading up to Dien Bien Phu. They urged that we have our light bombers
  • Vietnam
  • Involvement with the French in Vietnam; problems in the 1950s; General Sam Williams; counterinsurgency; the Special Forces; Bay of Pigs; observations and proposals after trips to Southeast Asia; impressions of JFK; special Counterinsurgency Group
  • of the better elements of the experience in the Philippines and in Vietnam--the early experience--and see if civilian-military teams couldn't be recruited, trained, organized, and sent out to work in the villages, to help the villagers. This is basically what I
  • Vietnam
  • Phillips’ work in Laos; getting involved with the AID mission in Vietnam; reorganizing AID in relation to its rural efforts; a strategic hamlet program; organizational problems in the U.S. military approach in Vietnam; working with what
  • important as to whether we would or would not. K: That was a major issue right from the end of the three week war to the time when I switched over to being a Vietnam hand--at which time I laid down all my other briefs at the President's express request. He
  • Vietnam
  • Assistant for National Security Affairs and the process of funding a replacement; Bromley Smith; bombing halt; Komer starting work as Special Assistant for the Other War in Vietnam; Rostow’s appointment to replace McGeorge Bundy; balancing pacification
  • somewhat familiar with Vietnam, Indochina as it was called at the time, but not directly. I didn't have any trips out to Asia during that period. As I say, I had to follow the political side of the story, which was having a tremendous impact on France
  • Vietnam
  • ; Pham Xuan An; Ambassador Elbridge Durbrow; General 'Hanging Sam' Williams; the first American reporters to cover Vietnam; Homer Bigart; Ambassador Frederick Nolting; censorship; separating fact from fiction; Edward Lansdale; Vietnam: A History book
  • ~g6ing to be targets just as were the South Vietnamese. Hence I recommended at once a retaliatory strike in North Vietnam. Now bear in mind this question of the use .of air power had been under discussion for a year at least, so my recommendation wasn't
  • Vietnam
  • Gulf of Tonkin; Brinks incident; attack on Pleiku; gradualism; Taylor’s assessment of turning points in the war in Vietnam
  • for, in our phrase, sizing him up. F: You found the two of you could work together. M: Oh, yes. F: At this time the war in Vietnam had not heated up so much, and yet Australia of course has been our chief ally in the war. M: Yes. F: Did you feel any
  • Vietnam
  • Contacts with LBJ; assassination of JFK; relations with U.S. cabinet members; Vietnam War; import curbs on Australian meat; problems of Australian economic development in 1965; relationship with the United States and five U.S. Presidents
  • was given a posting choice of Seoul, Korea; Vientiane, Laos; or Saigon, [South] Vietnam; those were the three [choices]. G: What year was this? P: This was 1959. I chose Saigon, got there in 1960. year the National Liberation Front was formed
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information; long involvement with and extensive work on Vietnam; first duties in Saigon; captured documents; geographical regionalism in Vietnam; infiltration; armed struggle and political struggle; impressions of Diem
  • after 1960 South Vietnam might even be able to reduce its defense budget. But in 1964--and I'm referring again to the interview that you gave to the U. S. News and World Report-you said that when you left Vietnam in September of 1960
  • Vietnam
  • Agrovilles; insurgency; Madame Nhu; Green Berets; Lionel McGarr; coup d’etat; Father Raymond DeJeagher; Buddhists; press; James A. Van Fleet; troop numbers; other U.S. and Vietnamese officials; country teams in Vietnam
  • , in July, I received notification that the army wanted to transfer me to Vietnam. What happened was in the Far East they went around looking for people that had some French in their background, because according to the Geneva Accords, a limit was to go
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information; Phillip’s work in Vietnam; Ed Lansdale; Phillips psywar experience; trip to the Philippines; Vietnamese pacification program; mosquitoes in the Philippines; Colonel Le Van Kim; the Viet Minh; the Binh Xuyen in Saigon; Kieu
  • INTERVIEWEE: MAXWELL D. TAYLOR INTERVIEWER: TED GITTINGER PLACE: General Taylor's residence, Washington, D.C. Tape 1 of 1 G: General Taylor, can you tell me the reasons for your trip to Vietnam in 1957? T: By that time, I was chief of staff
  • Vietnam
  • Biographical information; 1957 trip to Vietnam; General Sam Williams; Edward Lansdale; Taylor-Rostow report; intelligence; Lionel McGarr; coordination; Diem coup; Harkins and Lodge; KATUSAs; Westmoreland; State Department; bombing campaign; Taylor’s
  • Vietnam. Right across the room from me, another desk in the PAC division of J-3 did exactly the same thing for Rolling Thunder that we LBJ Presidential Library http://www.lbjlibrary.org ORAL HISTORY TRANSCRIPT Lyndon B. Johnson Library Oral Histories
  • Vietnam
  • ; counterinsurgency; War College; Vietnam special forces group; mission of special forces, 1966-1967; Operation Attleboro; effectiveness of special forces during tour of duty; special forces in the 1960s and today
  • Administration was as minister-counselor for public information in the American ·' Embassy in Saigon, South Vietnam. But prior to that, you had been I believe deputy public affairs officer in India for several years and had spent some time with the Voice
  • Vietnam
  • Assignment to Saigon; Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge acts as his own press officer; Vietnam press relations an issue at the Honolulu conference of 1964; unifying press relations functions in JUSPAO; the maximum candor policy; origin of the "Five
  • that particularly interested me in terms of foreign policy. The service on the Foreign Relations Committee in those days came at a very meaningful time when the dialogue on Vietnam stepped up very, very materially. It coincided with the decisions in Hanoi to commit
  • Vietnam
  • Foreign Relations Committee; 1966 Vietnam trip; Tonkin Gulf Incident; schools of thought regarding LBJ; succeeding JFK; dean of the LBJ School of Public Affairs; investigation of chain store situation; Chicago convention
  • who broke the precedent. Then, when General Taylor was asked to become our ambassador to South Vietnam, the President and Secretary McNamara had selected me to replace General Taylor. So maybe I broke the precedent. r~: ~~as I'm just not sure
  • Vietnam